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1 general-purpose plow
Лесоводство: плуг с винтовыми корпусами -
2 general purpose plow
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3 general-purpose plow
Англо-русский сельскохозяйственный словарь > general-purpose plow
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4 general-purpose plow
Англо-русский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > general-purpose plow
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5 плуг с винтовыми корпусами
Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > плуг с винтовыми корпусами
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6 Universalpflug
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7 плуг с винтовыми корпусами
Forestry: general-purpose plowУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > плуг с винтовыми корпусами
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8 vehicle
средство передвижения; транспортное средство; подвижное средство; боевая машина, БМ; летательный аппарат, ЛА; см. тж. car, truckair cushion landing vehicle, assault — десантно-высадочное средство на воздушной подушке; десантный АВП
armored cavalry (assault) vehicle — бронированная разведывательная машина, БРМ
armoured vehicle, RE — Бр. саперный танк
assault vehicle, RE — Бр. десантно-высадочное средство инженерных войск
AT (guided) missile launch vehicle — БМ для пуска ПТУР; самоходный ПТРК
C2 vehicle — машина управления (войсками); (командно-) штабная машина
double air cushion vehicle, assault — десантный корабль на двойной воздушной подушке
landing vehicle, assault — десантно-высадочное средство; плавающий БТР на воздушной подушке
landing vehicle, hydrofoil — десантный КПК
landing vehicle, tank, engineer — десантный саперный танк
landing vehicle, track, armored — десантный (плавающий) гусеничный БТР
landing vehicle, track, covered — крытый десантный плавающий гусеничный транспортер
landing vehicle, tracked, engineer — десант ная гусеничная инженерная машина
landing vehicle, tracked, heavy — тяжелый десантный плавающий гусеничный транспортер
landing vehicle, tracked, howitzer — десантная гусеничная гаубичная СУ
landing vehicle, tracked, personnel — десантная гусеничная машина для ЛС
landing vehicle, tracked, recovery — десантная гусеничная ремонтно-эвакуационная машина
mine-clearing vehicle, flail-type — танк [танковый тягач] с бойковым тралом
mine-clearing vehicle, plow-pushing — танк [танковый тягач] с передним плужным минным тралом
mine-clearing vehicle, roller — танк [танковый тягач] с Катковым минным тралом
terminally guided (maneuvering) reentry vehicle — ркт. маневрирующая ГЧ с наведением на конечном участке траектории
— administrative use vehicle— bacteriological bomb vehicle— boost-glide reentry vehicle— flamethrower vehicle— ground-supported vehicle— launcher vehicle— logistical air vehicle— logistical vehicle— maintenance assistance vehicle— MarineCorps landing vehicle— oversize load vehicle— ship-to-shore assault vehicle— support armored vehicle— topographic surveying vehicle— troop-carryingair vehicle— wader-swimmer combat vehicle -
9 tractor
трактор; тягач; устройство для позиционирования (напр. инструмента); подающий ремень; II тракторный- tractor assembly - tractor-borne - tractor breakaway valve - tractor build instruction - tractor-building - tractor-carried - tractor case - tractor coupler - tractor crane - tractor-cultivator - tractor disk tiller - tractor-drawn scraper - tractor-drawn combined harvester - tractor-drawn mower - tractor driver - tractor frame rail - tractor gate - tractor grain drill - tractor-gun - tractor head - tractor industry - tractor lift - tractor leveller - tractor loader - tractor-lorry - tractor mounted - tractor-mounted loader - tractor oil - tractor-operated implements - tractor operator - tractor plant - tractor shovel - tractor snow plow - tractor steerage hoe - tractor-towed loader - tractor-towed roller - tractor-trailer combination - tractor-trailer coupler - tractor trailer implement - tractor trailer mower - tractor-trailer train - tractor-trailer trucking - tractor train - tractor tyre - tractor underfoot condition - tractor unit - tractor winch - air-tired tractor - amphibian tractor - do-all tractor - hauling tractor - high-clearance tractor - high-drive tractor - logging tractor - long-haul tractor - low-clearance tractor - low ground pressure tractor - orchard tractor - sleeper cab tractor -
10 steel
сталь || стальной- abrasion-resistant steel
- acid Bessemer steel
- acid electric steel
- acid open-hearth steel
- acid steel
- acid-resisting steel
- age-hardenable steel
- ageing steel
- aircraft structural steel
- air-hardened steel
- air-hardening steel
- air-melted steel
- alkaliproof steel
- alkali-resistant steel
- alloy steel
- alloy tool steel
- alloyed steel
- alphatized steel
- aluminized steel
- aluminum grain-refined steel
- aluminum steel
- aluminum-coated steel
- aluminum-nickel steel
- aluminum-stabilized steel
- anchor steel
- angle steel
- annealed steel
- anticorrosion steel
- arc-furnace steel
- armco steel
- ausaging steel
- ausforming steel
- austenitic manganese steel
- austenitic Ni-Cr stainless steel
- austenitic stainless steel
- austenitic steel
- austenitic-carbidic steel
- austenitic-intermetallic steel
- automatic steel
- automobile steel
- axle steel
- bainitically heat-treated steel
- balanced steel
- ball bearing steel
- banding steel
- bandsaw steel
- bar steel
- basic Bessemer steel
- basic converter steel
- basic open-hearth steel
- basic oxygen steel
- bearing steel
- bearing-grade steel
- beaten steel
- beryllium steel
- Bessemer steel
- blanking steel
- blister steel
- blue steel
- boiler steel
- boron steel
- bottle-top steel
- bottom-run steel
- bright drawing steel
- bright steel
- bright-drawn steel
- bright-finished steel
- bronze steel
- bulb steel
- bulb-angle steel
- burned steel
- capped steel
- carbon nitrided steel
- carbon steel
- carbon tool steel
- carbonized steel
- carbon-martensite steel
- carbon-molybdenum steel
- carbon-vacuum deoxidized steel
- carburized steel
- carburizing steel
- case-hardened steel
- case-hardening steel
- cast steel
- cemented steel
- chain steel
- chilled steel
- chisel steel
- chrome steel
- chrome-manganese steel
- chrome-molybdenum steel
- chrome-nickel steel
- chrome-nickel-alloy steel
- chrome-nickel-molibdenum steel
- chrome-plated steel
- chrome-tungsten steel
- chrome-vanadium steel
- chromium steel
- chromium tool steel
- chromium-aluminum steel
- chromium-cobalt steel
- chromium-copper steel
- chromium-manganese steel
- chromium-molibdenum steel
- chromium-nickel steel
- chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel
- chromium-silicon steel
- chromium-tungsten steel
- chromium-tungsten-vanadium steel
- chromized steel
- clad steel
- cobalt steel
- cobalt-nickel steel
- coiled steel
- cold work steel
- cold-drawn steel
- cold-heading steel
- cold-rolled steel
- columbium-stabilized steel
- commercial forging steel
- commercial quality steel
- commercial steel
- common steel
- composite steel
- compound steel
- concrete-prestressing steel
- concrete-reinforcing steel
- constructional steel
- consumable electrode vacuum-melted steel
- controlled rimming steel
- converted steel
- converter steel
- copper steel
- copper-bearing steel
- copper-chromium steel
- copperclad steel
- copper-nickel steel
- copper-plated steel
- corrosion-resistant steel
- corrosion-resisting steel
- corrugated sheet steel
- CQ steel
- creep-resisting steel
- crucible steel
- crude steel
- cutlery-type stainless steel
- cyanided steel
- damascus steel
- damask steel
- DDQ steel
- dead-hard steel
- dead-melted steel
- dead-soft steel
- deep drawing quality steel
- deep drawing steel
- deep-hardening steel
- degasified steel
- deoxidized steel
- diamond tread steel
- die steel
- direct-process steel
- dirty steel
- dopped steel
- double-reduced steel
- double-refined steel
- double-shear steel
- drawn steel
- drill steel
- duplex steel
- dynamo sheet steel
- dynamo steel
- easily deformable steel
- EDD steel
- effervescent steel
- electric furnace steel
- electric steel
- electric tool steel
- electrical furnace steel
- emergency steel
- eutectoid steel
- exotic steel
- exposed quality steel
- extra deep drawing steel
- extrafine steel
- extrahard steel
- extrahigh tensile steel
- extrasoft steel
- face-hardened steel
- fagoted steel
- fashioned steel
- fast-finishing steel
- fast-machine steel
- faulty steel
- ferrite steel
- ferritic stainless steel
- ferritic steel
- fiery steel
- figured steel
- file steel
- fine steel
- fine-grained steel
- finished steel
- first quality steel
- flange steel
- flat steel
- flat-bulb steel
- flat-rolled steel
- forge steel
- forged steel
- forging die steel
- forging steel
- free-cutting steel
- free-machining steel
- fully deoxidized steel
- fully finished steel
- galvanized steel
- gear steel
- general purpose steel
- glass-hard steel
- grade steel
- graphitic steel
- graphitizable steel
- gun barrels steel
- gun steel
- Hadfield steel
- half-hard steel
- Halvan tool steel
- hammered steel
- hard cast steel
- hard steel
- hard-chrome steel
- hardened steel
- hard-grain steel
- heat-resistant steel
- heat-treated steel
- heavily alloyed steel
- heavy-fagoted steel
- heavy-melting steel
- hexagonal steel
- high-alloy steel
- high-carbon steel
- high-chromium steel
- high-cobalt steel
- high-creep strength steel
- high-ductility steel
- high-elastic limit steel
- higher-carbon steel
- high-grade steel
- high-hardenability core steel
- high-hardenability steel
- high-manganese steel
- high-nickel steel
- high-permeability steel
- high-quality steel
- high-resistance steel
- high-speed steel
- high-strength low alloy steel
- high-strength steel
- high-sulphur steel
- high-temperature steel
- high-tensile steel
- hollow drill steel
- hot die steel
- hot-brittle steel
- hot-rolled steel
- hot-work steel
- hot-working die steel
- hot-working steel
- HSLA steel
- H-steel
- hypereutectoid steel
- hyperpearlitic steel
- hypoeutectoid steel
- hypopearlitic steel
- Indian steel
- induction furnace steel
- induction vacuum melted steel
- ingot steel
- intermediate-alloy steel
- iron-chromium stainless steel
- irreversible steel
- killed steel
- knife steel
- knife-blade steel
- lead-coated steel
- leaded steel
- lean alloy steel
- ledeburitic steel
- light gage steel
- liquid-compressed steel
- loman steel
- low earing steel
- low-alloy steel
- low-alloyed steel
- low-carbon steel
- low-ductility steel
- low-expansion steel
- low-hardenability steel
- low-hardening steel
- low-manganese steel
- low-nickel steel
- low-phosphorus steel
- low-texture steel
- machine-tool steel
- magnet steel
- mandrel steel
- manganese steel
- manganese-killed steel
- manganese-silicon steel
- maraging steel
- martempering steel
- martensitic steel
- mechanically capped steel
- medium alloy steel
- medium-carbon steel
- medium-hard steel
- medium-strength steel
- medium-temper steel
- merchant steel
- mild steel
- milling steel
- mixed steel
- molybdenum steel
- needled steel
- nickel steel
- nickel-chrome steel
- nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel
- nickel-chromium steel
- nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
- nickel-clad steel
- nickel-molybdenum steel
- nitrided steel
- nonaging steel
- noncorrosive steel
- nondeforming steel
- nonhardening steel
- nonmagnetic steel
- nonpiping steel
- nonrustic steel
- nonshrinking steel
- nonstrain-aging steel
- normal steel
- octagon steel
- oil-hardening steel
- open-hearth steel
- open-poured steel
- ordinary steel
- oriented steel
- overblown steel
- overheated steel
- over-reduced steel
- oxidation-resisting steel
- paragon steel
- pearlitic steel
- perished steel
- permanent-magnet steel
- PH steel
- piled steel
- pipe steel
- piped steel
- plain carbon steel
- plain steel
- planished sheet steel
- planished steel
- plate steel
- plow steel
- pneumatic steel
- polished sheet steel
- polished steel
- pot steel
- powder metallurgical compacted steel
- powdered metal high-speed steel
- precipitation-hardening steel
- precision steel
- pressure vessel steel
- primary steel
- puddle steel
- puddled steel
- punching steel
- purified steel
- PV steel
- QT steel
- quality steel
- quenched-and-tempered steel
- quick-cutting steel
- quick-speed steel
- rail steel
- railway structural steel
- rapid machining steel
- rapid steel
- raw steel
- red-hard steel
- refined steel
- refining steel
- refractory steel
- reinforcing steel
- rephosphorized steel
- resilient steel
- resulphurized steel
- rimmed steel
- rimming steel
- rising steel
- rivet steel
- rolled section steel
- rolled steel
- roller-bearing steel
- rose steel
- round steel
- rustless steel
- rust-resisting steel
- saw steel
- scrap steel
- screw steel
- secondary steel
- section steel
- selenium steel
- self-hardening steel
- semideoxidized steel
- semifinished steel
- semikilled steel
- shallow-hardening steel
- shape steel
- shear steel
- shearing steel
- sheet steel
- shock-resisting steel
- Siemens-Martin steel
- silchrome steel
- silicon steel
- silicon-killed steel
- silicon-manganese steel
- silver steel
- simple steel
- skelp steel
- slowly cooled steel
- soft steel
- special steel
- special treatment steel
- spheroidized steel
- spotty steel
- spring steel
- stabilized steel
- stainless clad steel
- stainless steel
- standard steel
- stock steel
- strain-aged steel
- stress-relieved annealed steel
- strip steel
- strong steel
- structural steel
- super-corrosion-resistant stainless steel
- superduty steel
- surface-hardening steel
- surgical steel
- tap steel
- tapped-on-carbon steel
- T-bulb steel
- tee-bulb steel
- tempered steel
- tensile strength steel
- ternary steel
- thermostrengthened steel
- Thomas steel
- through-hardening steel
- titanium steel
- titanium-stabilized steel
- tool steel
- Tor steel
- transformation induced plasticity steel
- transformer steel
- treated steel
- TRIP steel
- tube steel
- tungsten steel
- turbohearth steel
- two-ply steel
- tyre steel
- ultrastrong steel
- unkilled steel
- unsound steel
- vacuum carbon deoxidized steel
- vacuum degased steel
- vacuum-cast steel
- vacuum-induction melted steel
- vacuum-remelted steel
- valve steel
- vanadium steel
- water-hardening steel
- wear-resisting alloy steel
- weathering steel
- weld steel
- weldable steel
- welding steel
- wild steel
- wire rope steel
- Wootz steel
- wrought steelEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > steel
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11 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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